Anglia Ruskin Research Online

Illustrating childrens books: creating pictures for publication

Thu, 01 Jul 2004 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Illustrating childrens books: creating pictures for publication Authors: Salisbury, Martin Abstract: Containing essential advice and guidance, this book uses step-by-step sketches and instructions throughout to reveal the techniques and skills required to illustrate children's books. It explains how to tackle fantasy, fairy tales, realism and nature drawings using a variety of media and advises on the different aspects needed when working for differing age groups.

Peripheral refractive changes associated with myopia progression

Fri, 01 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Peripheral refractive changes associated with myopia progression Authors: Radhakrishnan, Hema; Allen, Peter M.; Calver, Richard I.; Theagarayan, Baskar; Price, Holly; Rae, Sheila; Sailoganathan, Ananth; O'Leary, Daniel J. Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the changes in peripheral refraction profiles associated with myopia progression and treatment modalities used in the Cambridge Anti-Myopia Study. Methods: One hundred and seventy seven myopes in the age range of 14-22 years were enrolled in the study. The mean spherical equivalent refractive error was -3.12 ± 1.87 D and the refractive error of each participant was corrected with contact lenses. The participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, which included: altered spherical aberration and vision training, altered spherical aberration only, vision training only and control. Peripheral refractive error was measured using an open field autorefractor in the central 60 degrees of the retina in 10 degree steps. The refractive error was measured using cycloplegic auto-refraction. Two year refractive progression data and initial peripheral refraction measurements were available in 113 participants. Measurements of peripheral refraction and cycloplegic refraction were obtained at 3 visits over 2 years in 12-month intervals for 92 participants. Results: All subjects showed a relative peripheral hyperopia, especially in the nasal retina. A limited magnitude of myopia progression of -0.34 ± 0.36D over 2yrs was found in each of the 4 groups on average. There were no significant differences in the rate of progression between any of the treatment groups (p>0.05). Initial peripheral J45 astigmatic refractive error at 20 and 30 degrees in the nasal retina was weakly correlated with progression of myopia over 2 years (r=- 0.27, p=0.004 and r=-0.20, p=0.040 respectively, n=113). The change in spherical equivalent peripheral refractive error at 30 degrees nasal retina over time was also significantly correlated with progression of myopia especially at 24-months (r=-0.24, p=0.017, n=92). Conclusions: Relative peripheral hyperopia is associated with myopia. Myopia progression may be weakly linked to changes in the peripheral refraction profiles in the nasal retina. However, a 3 causative link between peripheral refractive error and myopia progression could not be established.

Accommodation, pattern glare, and coloured overlays

Tue, 20 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Accommodation, pattern glare, and coloured overlays Authors: Allen, Peter M.; Dedi, Sonia; Kumar, Dimple; Patel, Tanuj; Aloo, Mohammed; Wilkins, Arnold J. Abstract: We manipulated the accommodative response using positive and negative lenses to study any association between symptoms of pattern glare and accommodation. Two groups of 18 young adults were selected from 78 on the basis (1) that their rate of reading increased by 5% or more with an overlay compared to their rate without and (2) that they reported more than 2 symptoms of pattern glare (Group 1) or had no such increment in reading speed and reported fewer than 3 symptoms (Group 2). Under double-masked conditions participants observed at 0.4m a pattern of stripes while measurements of accommodation were made using an open field autorefractor with and without positive and negative trial lenses (0.75D), and with and without a coloured overlay. Pattern glare was also assessed with and without the trial lenses. Without lenses, the mean accommodative response in Group 1 was 1.55D, a lag of 0.95D ± 0.24 relative to the demand. The lag decreased by 0.43D (p<0.0001) when the chosen overlay was used, an effect that was not shown in Group 2 even when lag increased with negative trial lenses (p=0.13). In both groups, pattern glare scores were reduced by the trial lenses but were unaffected by the sign of the lenses, suggesting that symptoms of pattern glare are not strongly associated with accommodative response.

Accommodation to uncomfortable patterns

Tue, 01 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Accommodation to uncomfortable patterns Authors: Haigh, Sarah M.; Jaschinski, Wolfgang; Allen, Peter M.; Wilkins, Arnold J. Abstract: Grating patterns can cause discomfort and perceptual distortions. Individuals who experience discomfort and are susceptible to these distortions generally show weaker accommodation than those who are less susceptible. We measured the accommodative response to grating patterns known to differ in the discomfort they evoke because of differences in their colour, motion or spatial frequency. The parameters known to affect discomfort and distortion had no influence on the mean or variance in the accommodative response, even when accommodative demand was manipulated systematically and the accommodative response varied as expected.